1.the closest pollution source to my home is probablly syracuse. Yes The use of vehicales yes because i live in a small town.
2. 287 days. the pollution type would be emissions from cars and buses and bulidings. people coiuld car pool so there would be less emmission, also people could take a bus, walk or ride a bike, there are different types of ways to heat a house, and there are different types of cars you can by that would be better for the air.
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-in indusltaizied countires water pollution laws have reduced it
-in developing countires pollution is getting worse but safe drinking water is imporving
-water pollution, any phsyical bioligial or chem change in water qulaity
-classified: point source, not point source
-major types: infectous agents, oxygen demanding wastes, nurtients, inorganic salts metals acids and bases, orgaic chemicals, sediment, and thermal pollution
-eutrophication: nutirient enrichment and warming
invloves rapid palnt growth and resluts in rapid decomp and oxyegn deplet. in aquatic systems
-Clean Water Act: monitor water quality and regulate discharge
-groundwater contaminated by waste from recharge zones. leeking underground storage tanks
-ocean pollution: grabage, sweage, nutrients, and oil spills
-source redustion: cheapest most effective way
-sweage treatment most impritant steps in maintaining clean drinking water.
primeary removes strains soilds
secondary includes areation, digestion, and chlorination
tertiary removes inorgic nutirents and oxidizes remaining organics
- water legislation=contraversial: high costs
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1. water pillution- any phsyical, biological or chemical change in water quality that adversly affects living organisms or makes water unusable for desired uses can be considered pollution.
2. infectuous agents; oxygen demanding wastes; nutrients; inorganic salts, metals, acids and bases; organic chemicals; sediments; and thermal pollution
4.pfiesteria is a extraordinary poisonus dinoflagellate that recently has been recongized as a filler of finfish and shell fish polluted rivers and estuaries.
5.eutrphication is the increase productivity in an aquatic system and results from increased nutirent flows high temperatures and more sunlight reaching the water surface.
6.irrigation and drainage of dester soils mobilize materials on lager scale and can reslut in serious pollution problems.
7.Primary removes strains and settles out soilds. secondary includes aeration disgestion and chlorination removes pathogens and orgainc material. third removes inorganic nutrients and oxidizes remainging organics.
8.Because they could possible tap into the ground water which is unstanitary and could cause many people to be sick.
9.monitoir quality and regulate discharge. TMDLs are set for major pollutants.
10. redemtion means finding remideis for problems just as there are many sources for water contamination there are many ways to clean it up.
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1. point source- factories, power plants, sewage treatment plants, underground coal minesand oil wells because of discharge and pollution from specific location
2. nonpoint source- water pollutionn scattered or diffused having no specific location where they discharge into the body of water.
3. atmospheric deposition- contaminations carried by air curents and precipitation into water sheds or directly onto surface waters as rain, snow or dry particles.
4. coliform bacteria- any of the many types of living in the colon or intestines of humans and other aniamls
5. biochemical oxygen demand- standarded test of the amount of dissovled oxygen consumed by aquatic microgranisms over 5 day pd.
6. dissovled oxygen content- analysing pollution levels using oxygen electrode.
7. oxygen sag- oxygen declining downstream
8. oligotrophic- littl+trophic=nutrition.
9. eu + trophic= truly nourished
10. culural eutropication- an increase in biological productivity and ecosystem succession caused by huamn activity.
11.red tide- bloom of deadly aquatic microrganisms called dinoflagellates
12. total maximum daily loads- state requires to identofy waters not meeting water quality goals.
13. primary treatment- 1st step in municipal waste treatment phsyically seperares large solids from watse stream.
14. secondary treatment-consists of boilogical degradation of the dissovled organic compounds
15. tertiary treatment- removes plant nutirent especially nitrates and phosphates.
16. effluent sewerage- hybrid between a traditiona; spetic tank and full sewer system.
17. best practicable control techonoly- for specific point source of pollution such as industrial discharge pipes or sewage outfalls the act requires discharge permits.
18. best avaible economically achieveable techonology – for toxic substances and zero discharge for 126 prooprity toxic pollutants.
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-1/3 of worlds pop effected by water shortages and stress
-Water resources are major source of regional and international conflict
- distribution of water in globe depends on climate, high oressure zones prevailing winds and topography
-deforestation and other huamn activities effect regional water supply
- hydrolic sycle, mooves water between rhe ocean , atmosphere, land and libing things
-all land water origally evaporation, from mostly oceans
-ocean, glaciers, ice, snow ground water lakes rivers wetlands
-aquifers, pourous rock formations that hold water
-water enters through recharge zones
-confined, layer capped by imparmeable rock layers
- cone depression, pumping water ffrom aquifer
-risks of over pumping…subsiding ground levels, sinkholes, and saltwater intrusion
-water withdrawl, all water taken for use
-compumtion, water lost dircetly
– degradtion, contamination
-2/3 water withdrawn used for agriculture. accounst for 85% of comsuption through evaporated losses and seepage
-induatral and domestic water use increasing
-consumption and dedgradation fallen due to conservation and efficency
-waterstress, consumption exceeds 20%of avaiablity
-45 countries have this
-deslainization and water diversions are principal methods to increase water supplies
-damns and reserviors contrversial bc porvide power & irriagtion but environmaental, economic, socal costs
-Conervation cheapest and effective way
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1. primary pollutants- those relased directly from the source intothe air in a hramful form.
2. secondary pollutants- modified to a hazadorus form after they enter the air mix or formd by chemical reactions
3. fugitive emissions- those that do not go through a smokestack.
4. ambient air -air around us
5. convetional or criteria pollutants- controubete to the largest volume of air quality degradation
6. sulfer dioxide- colorless corrosive gas that is directly damanaging plants and animals
7. Nitrogen Oxide- highly reactive gases formed when nitorgen in flue or combusion is heated
8.CFCs- Chlorine containg moleclues
9. Bronchitis- persistent infalmation of bronchi and bronchiols
10. chronic obstrictive lung disease-airways become permantly constricted and avoli are dmanaged or destroyed.
11. syrnergistic effects- injury is cause by exposure
12. acid precpitation- deposistion of wet acidic soultions or dry acidic praticles from the air.
13. Carbon monoxide- colorless odorless nonirritating gas but highly toxic.
14. Aerosol- any system of solid or liquid suspended in gaseous medium.
15. Particulate material- all atmospheric aerosols whether solid or liquid
16. Temperature inversions- occur when a stable layer of warmer a overlays cooler air reversing the normal temperature decline.
17. VOCs- organic compounds that exist as gases in the air
18. Photochemical oxidants- products of secondary atmospheric reactions driven by solar energy.
19. Ozone- atomic oxygen that reacts with another molecule of O2.
20. Haps- Special category of toxins monitor by the U.S. EPA.
21. TRI- collected by the EPA as part of the community right to know program.
22. Aesthetic Degradation- includes any undesirable changes in the physical characteristics or chemistry of the atmosphere.
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1. Primary- relased directly into the air in a harmful form.
Secondary- created or converted to hazardous from after they enter the atmosphere
2. Sulfer dioxide, nitrogen oxides, photochemical oxidents, Carbon monoxides, particlates, volatiles hydrocarbons and lead. Because they were regurded as the greatest threat to human health.
Some 660 more were added to the list.
3. Smoke from poorly ventalated heat and cooking fires.
4.Acid deposistion-deposition of wet acidic soultions or dry acidic partilecs from the air.Pollutants transpaorted long distances by the wind.
5.It is a proctetive agent in the atmosphere and it traps pullutants by its layers.
6.The stratospheric ozone is where the holes are and is a problem the ambient is where we are.
7.Cars and boats. because people use them a ton and because they pollute many different ecosystems.
8.making new sources to fit our needs because others are harmful and can be used up,
9.CO2 most PM-10 lest (increcsed also)
10.the air qality will be more polluated becuas eof all the factories becuas people is developing countries use alot of industry to produce money and make the country develop faster.
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Air pollution
- physical or chemical changes brought about bynatural processesor human activities that result in air pollution
-primary pollutants released into the air as direct in harmful form.
-secondary created or converted to hAZARDOUS AFTER ENTER ATMOSPHERE
-Clean Air Act 1970= 7 major criteria pollutants which were reguarded as major threats to humans
-200 million americans live in areas where risk of death from air pollutant effects acceptable level
-mostly women and children are exposed to hazerdous levels of smokem from poorly vented heting and cooking fires.
-air pollution contributes to more deths per year then any single infectious disease.
-aeroslos & air toxins can be carried long distences by wind currents
-through sequential evaporation and precipitation
-CFCs and other long lasting chlirine containing substances in the stratosphere where they destroy ozone layer
-sulfer and no2 react ub air to from sulfuric and nitric acids which creat acid snow rain and dry precipitation
-Clean Air Acts passed in most developed countires have proposed effiecnt alternatives to government mandates
-market based approches have proposed alternatives to government mandates for specific equiptment
-air quality has inproved dramactally over the past 30 years in developed countries.
-remains grave issue in poor countires in developing world and soviet union
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Case study ch 15
It is not fair to assume that adapting to the cost of the climate changes due to our habits in the future because it is our fault in the beginning that these conditions happened. If there wasn’t so much pollution there wouldn’t be such problems today, now its almost like people are trying to make money off of the climates changes for the worse and trying to find the easier way out and maybe the cheaper way but what will be better for the world in years to come, not just thinking about what’s happening to the world in the moments this generation is alive.
The scenarios you could use from models would be, introducing the aerosol effects in changes the precipitation from 15 to 18-decline percentage. The additional information I would need is annual air pollutants and effects such as acid rain and depletion. I would have to find the areas where it is most common and tackle those first. I would not like to wait for inaction I would want to do something about it quickly, if you wait and weigh the problem and think oh the future is the future it doesn’t matter because I won’t be here that’s nothing at all, more problems will occur if you have that state of mind. People will let more things go and it will snowball effect and create major problems even worse then these in the future. Also you should not wait til the future because it is our fault in the first place, this generation has been quite destructive with all the technology we have had in the past 30 years and it will only become better and more advanced in the future. Sometimes when a problem is tackled too late, there are no cures or even ways to even accommodate it and that’s something we don’t want our future to have to deal with because there’s no replacing the world.
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Mothering Malnutrition
In southern Asia where 75 million children are malnourished, a lack of actually having food could only be part of the problem. A study in Pakistan found that mothers who because depressed after or before giving birth had babies with stunted growth and diarrhea the babies born with psychologically healthy mothers.
Depression in mothers contributes to high rates of malnutrition and failure to thrive among infants in this part of the world. Most people living in southern Asia have access to adequate food supplies.
In another study maternal depression exhibited a stronger link to poor infant health in the first year after birth then other factors associated with slow physical growth including low birth weight and poor uneducated parents.
Several reports indicated that depression rate of 10-15% among expectant and new mothers in western nations doubles in Southern Asia. Psychological well being could increase the effectiveness of child health programs in many developing areas these programs focus on improving mother’s baby feeding and providing medical services to infants.
Researchers contacted 632 women between 17 and 40 in the third trimester living in villages in rural Palestine. 160 women were depressed with symptoms consisting of persistent sadness, loss of interests or pleasure in daily activities, unrelenting fatigue, guilty and suicidal thoughts and disturbed sleep or appetite.
Another 160 women with no symptoms participated. Infants in both groups were weighed and measured at birth, 2,6, and 12 months. Also other types of babies’ health were measured among with the mother’s conditions. Infants whose mothers were depressed through the time periods weighed less and had more diarrhea.
It was found that in India and Pakistan because of social pressers to produce males maternal depression occurs in women who bare girls. Although in mother who are depressed boys and girls display common poor health. The suspicion that depression interferes with mother capacity to care of infants and these problems are magnified in developing countries.
1.What are some of the symptoms the mother’s are having?
2. Do you think this is brought on by surrounds or is genetic?
3. Does it make sense that there is more stress brought on to have males, which leads to depression?
4. Are the women depressed before they know if it is a male?
5. Do you think this only happens often in developing countries?
Assault on Autism
Children with autism generally have trouble communicating, interacting socially and controlling behavior. Most live in a world of their own. It can be treated if caught early but there is no cure. 1 in every 1,000 child has autism.
Beth Crowell’s triplets were diagnosed with autism at 15 months old. She researched doubting there was a genetic mutation. She suspected that a drug, Terbutaline she had taken during her pregnancy to prevent premature labor might have played a role.
Researching this showed that when exposed to terbitalone before birth had some barin abnormalities in rats, this shifted scientific thinking about what causes autism and made them take a harder look at environmental influences. “it was thought we could identify the causes if we could understand those connections but we’re still left searching for causes. There was a missing piece of the puzzle, which was the environment.”
In the past decade it has been an issue if vaccines in childhood have caused autism. Because of mercury based vaccines that have been mostly phased out nowadays. Most researchers studying autism now assume it had to do with genes and factors from outside the body.
Environmental aspects include, drugs vaccines and poisons substances, but these don’t necessarily have to be artificial can also deal with influences in the womb, which can be anything that effects pregnancy such as maternal viral infections.
It was also found that rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders in which the immune system attacks the body are unexpectedly common in families with autistic kids. Researchers don’t want to emphasize terbutaline exposure because there isn’t only one mechanism that can overestimate.
Questions
1.Name some symptoms of Autism.
2. When is it better to diagnose?
3. What are some environmental factors that could cause it?
4. What drug used in pregnancy can cause it?
5. How might vaccines affect it?
Malaria Vaccine Shows Promise in Mozambique
Experimental vaccine offers come protection in a large-scale study. Researchers injected 1,605 children from 1 to 4 years old . Half received 3 doses plus Hepatitis B. The others got 3 injections of Hepatitis B and meningitis
Six months later researchers were able to assess 1,380 children spilt in the groups. In 123 children and 159 had episode of malaria with fever and illness, 11 and 26 were judged on having it severe. The result equals the new vaccine shows the protection against contracting malaria and life threatening malarial episodes.
How can this be a good/bad thing?
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