bbrancheau

1. closed canopy-tree crown spread over 20 percent or more of the ground.

2. open canopy- forest or woodland which tree crowns cover less than 20 percent of ground.

3. old-growth forests- remnants of acenit forests that still contain much of the world’s bidiversity, endangered specises and indigenous human cretures.

4. industraial timber- unporcessed logs are used to make lumber, plywood, veneer, particleboard and chipboard

5. fulewood-the princpal source of heating adf fuling in homes

6. foest management- invloves planning for sustainable harvests with particular attention paid to forest regeneration.

7.monoculture forestry- produces high profits a dense single-species stand encourages pest and disease infestations.

8. mipa/ swidden agriculture- farmers clear a new plot aboit a hectare a year.

9. mixed perennial polyculture- crops planted in ritous profusion

10. clear cutting- every tree in a given area is cut reguardless of size.

11. slective cutting- only a small percentage of mayure trees are taken in each 10 to 20 year rotation.

12. salvage logging- removal of dead or dying trees from forests damaged by disease.

13. pasture- enclosed or managed grasslands

14. rangelands- unfenced, natural praire and open woodlands.

15. desertifaction- the process of denuding and degrading a once fertile land initiates a desert producing cyle and feeds on itself.

16. rotational grazing- confining aniamls to a small area for a short time