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1. solid waste includes domestic commercial industrial agricultureal and mining waste that are primarly nontoxic. Hazardous waste cause health probles,. Brith defects reduces infection and caner.
2. old landfills are often leaky and messay and important source of ground water contamination, modern landfills mist have impermeable liners that prevent seepage to ground water amd ,osyt be covered with soil and monitered.
3. They are becoming limited because there is so much contamination from them because they have been misued, therefore there has to be new ones mad that are effiecent in safety but there isn’t much room left because people are other conatimation are around.
4. Airbourn contaminates can result from bruning.
5. There is rapid depleatioon of land fills, and cost efficient. Weak or unstable markets, and pasltic beverage use.
6. composting is using waste from animals. It is boiligcally nontoxic until it gets into groundwater or other ways it can be taken in by humans which will harm them.
7. people can recyle all produects, use only recyclable products, they can use their waste for fertilizers.

- issue in environmental quality=global waste production
-rapidly growing as nonbiodegradable materials grow in waste stream

-solid waste incudes domestic, commerical, industral, agriculture, and mining wastes all primarly toxic
-60%of n.a and industaral depeosits are in landfills
-old landfills are leaky, messy, and they have been an important source of ground water contam.
-modern landfills impermeable layers prevent seepage to groundwater, must be covered with soil and monitered for gas emissions and h2o contam.

-2nd important method is inceration
-destroys organic compounds and used to produce energy.
-air contam. results in buring esp. if incinerators of optmial

-recycling and composition growing globally
-makes collection increaningly cost effective
-principal obsitcel to recycle weak or unstable markets
-growing use of disposible palastic drink containers prob of recycling

-reusing, demanufaturing, and reducing material consumption are important additional stratigies

-hazardous and toxic waste materials are causing major health problems including birth defects, neuroglocial disorders, reduce resistance to infection and cancer.
-hazardous and toxic waste costs on the environment inclucde contamination of water supplies, posining of soil, and destruction of habitat.

-catagories: ignitable, corrosive, reactive, explosive, and toxic
-matierals of greatest concern: heavy metals, solvents, and syntheic organic chems.

-disposiable practices for soilds and hazardous wastes often failed
-abandoned, often unknown waste desposial sites still leak materials into the envrionment
-controlling: not making the materials, incineration, secure landfulls, phsyically chem or bioglocial treatment.

-superfund= fund to fincally clean up some of our worst hazardous waste sights.
-established by CERCLA in 1980
-sites are many abandoned factories or dumps

-dangerous watse often removed from weathly countires or neighborhood to poor ones.
-proponets of envi. try to justify patterns

-people often resist transfer facitlies of hazardous materials.

Part 1
possible causes
*sea otters spend 48 percent of the daylight hours grooming and cleaning their fur. This is the reason oil spills are so dangerous to sea otters. The oil coats the guard hairs and, since oil cannot be easily removed, the underfur becomes wet, loosing its insulative qualities, and the animal dies of hypothermia.

Part 2
What predator is decreasing them
*increased predation by killer whales was the cause of the sea otter decline
What expirments could you use to tell
*know all about habits and reasreach of the killer whale, what it eats sleeps reprodeces etc.
*estimated the impact of killer whales on sea otter populations by comparing trends in population size and survival rates of individually marked otters between two adjacent locations on Adak Island-Clam Lagoon and Kuluk Bay. Kuluk Bay is on an open coast, so sea otters there are exposed to killer whales.
Could killer whales be it?
*If increased predation by killer whales was the primary cause of the sea otter decline in Alaska from 1990-1996, as Estes and his group suspected, killer whales would have to have eaten 40,000 sea otters in six years

Part 3
Why are killer whales eating otters?
*All the evidence collected by Estes and his coworkers points to killer whales as the cause of the decline in sea otters: the increase in observed killer whale attacks on sea otters, the differences in sea otter survival and population trends at the two locations on Adak Island

Part 4
Who cares?
*Although sea otters formerly were found at all of these locations, they were exterminated from most of their range by hunting during the 19th century. Amchitka and Adak Islands in the Aleutians were locations of some of the few remnant populations at the time otters were protected in the early 1900s. Sea otters were re-introduced to southeast Alaska in 1968-71. That population expanded into Surge Bay by the early 1970s and into Torch Bay in 1985.

1.7835..7
3.the signicifacen is that they are the same.
4.Alaska
5.because this is where the reasources are found and priduced where they can efficently be shipped out too because it is by ports.
6.They were higher.The prices went up so people would foucs on other alternatives.
7.Noirth america, cenertal and south america, western eurpoe, eastern eurpoe, candaa.
8.3rd
9.15%
10.86%
12.40%
13.80%
14.saudi arebia
15.35%
16.30%
17.That people in the us are consuming close to most of the oil they have in their reasources which meand they use others, and use them up, so soon there won;t be any.

1. Use incandescent light bulbs, lower use of fuel used in homes, turn off lights when you leave the room, don’t leave water running, don’t do wash everyday.
2. Net energy yield-from energy conservation devices is based on the total useful energy produced during the lifetime of an entire energy system minus the energy.
3. Passive has no moving parts, active has a pump with heat absorbing fluid.
4. Capture energy and convert it directly into electricity by separating electrons from their parent atoms.
5. Devices that use ongoing electrochemical reactions to produce an electric current.
6. These can lead to deforestation and air pollution
7. Produced by anaerobic decomposition of moist organic material. Example a swap.
8. Human displacement, ecosystem destruction, and wild life losses.
9. Dung and charcoal.

Heat from the sun warmed upper layer is used to evaporate a working fluid which has a low boiling point , the pressure from the gas produced is high enough to spin turbines to generate electricity.

-greater reliacne on renewable resources and effeicnt use can reduce our depencenc on fossil fuels

- use less, conserve through greater effienceys lighting, space, water heating, etc.

-traporstion biggest energy use. reduce CO3 save oil. hybrid high effiecy rates low emmsions

- solar energy, active collects and stores, photovolatics cells convert sunlight to electricy
preices come down dramactically, rooftop arry proveds power you need w.o moving parts

- fuelcells, their only watse is clean water. number of different designs

- biomass used for fuel or heat and light, led to deforestation and air pollution, supples becoming scarec.

-hrydopower once produced most electriicty in the world now has been replaced w/ ff.
recourses for it remian untapped, sever social and env. probs

-wind power fast growing energy source high pot. for clean power. supply all the electricy we need and free us from econmotc socual and env probs

-none of these renewable resources are likely to replace fossil fuels in near future, combination could make a difference in energy use.

1. hybrid gasoline-electric vehicles- high effucuency rating and lowest emmissions in u.s

2. net energy yield-based on the total useful energy produced during the lifetime of an entire system minus the energy required to make useful energy availbable.

3.cogeneration-the simultaneous production of both electricy abd steam or hot water in the same plant.

4.passive solar absorption-using materials or absorptive structures with no moving parts to simply gather and hold heat.

5. active solar system- generally pump a heat-absorbing fulid through a relaitvely small collector rather than passively collecting heat in a stationary meduim like masonry.

6.photoviktaic cells- capture solar energy and convert it dirctly to electrical current by seoeratuing electrons from their parents atoms

7.fuel cell- devices that use ongoing electrochemical reactions to produce an electric current.

8.reformer- convert that strips hydrogen from fuels such as natural gas etc.

9.biofuel-a mixture of gasoline and ethanol.

10. low head hydropower- techonology can extract energy from small head water dams that cause much less damange than larger projects.

11. run of the river flow-high effiency turbines that can opperate in submerged directly into the stream and small enough not to impead navigation.

12. micro-hydro genertors- small enough to provide economical power in a single hour.

13. geothermal energy- energy source where baths built in hot springs.

14. tidal station- works like a hydropower dam which its turbines spinning as the tide flows through them.

15. OTEC- heat from sun warmed upper ocean layers is used to evaportae a working fuld which has a low bouling point

16. green pricing- allows utitlies to profit from cobservation programs and chrage preimum preices for energy.

1. Energy is capacity to do work. Power is rate of doing work.

1. Fossil fuels, petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Because it shows biomass because the fuels are gathered by the people who use them.

1. In the U.S. a person consumes on average almost in a single day as a person on a foreign poor country does in a year.

1. Coal seams can be 100 m thick and extend across tens of thousands of square kilometers that are in vast swampy forests in prehistoric times. 4 trillion barrels of oil is in the world mostly found in Saudi Arabia and Persian Gulf countries.

1. Because of the contaminates that are left in the air after these fuels have been burned, because of the consequences if something explodes or because of how much there is left because sooner or later its all going to be gone.

7.Petelst are stacked into hallow rods about 100 of these rods make up a fuel assembly, when struck by high energy they undergo nuclear fission which creates a chain reaction.

9.good is because they produce fuel rather then consume it, bad because ethey must be at a very high density for then breeding reaction to occur.

10.High-level waste repositories

-energy (capasity to do work)
-Power (rate of doing work)
black out of 03 reminds how depend on energy

-86% of all commerical energy is generated by fossil fuels
-40% petroleum
-23.3% coal
-22.5% natureal gas
-coal supples last more centuraries at present rate of useage
-neculear power 6.5% all comm. energy
-20% electricty in the U.S

-energy=essential for most activities of society, corrolates with standard of living
-difference in per capita countires wirg realtivy equal standards of living.
-dffs are based on level of industralized and partly on policies attidtueds and traditions

-Largest share of U.S energy is used by industry
-transportation comsumes about 27%
measure os energy efficeney = amount used per unit of economic output

-damaged cause by mining, shipping, processing, and using fossil fules may necessitate cutting back on our use.
-coal= dirty danageruous; treatment=remove contaminates, reduce emissions, and make use more efficent

-natural gas=convient; large easliy accesssible gas deposits are found in coal seams in wastern U.S: environmantal and social extration costs= high

-nuclear energy introduces serious problems
-dangerous accidents that relase hazadrous radioactive materials
– don’t know where to put waste, and how to ensure it will remain safe.

-No current energy sources offer secuirty, we urgently need to develop alternative sources of sustainable energy.

1. work- the application of force through a distence.

2. energy- the capacity to do work.

3. power the rate of energy flow or the rate at which work is done.

4. joule- the amount of work done when a force of 1 newton is exherted iver 1 meter or 1 amp per second flow s through 1 ohm.

5. fossil fules- petroleum, natural gas, and coal which provide about 86% of all commerical energy.

6. proven reserves- have been mapped, measured and shown to be economically recoverable.

7.tar sands- liquid petrloium can be extracted from these sands with hot water chemicals or other stripping processes.

8.fuel assembly- pellets that are stacked into hollow metal rods and 100 of these rods bundeled together

9. neculear fission-splitting

10. control rods- are insterted into spaces between fuel assemblies yo shut down fission reaction.

11.high level waste repositroy- where burried deep in rge grouynd where it is hoped that they will remain unexposed.

12. monitered retreaviveble storage- holding waste underground mines where they can be watched.

13.nuclear fusion- energy relased when two smaller atomic nuclei fuse into one marger nucleus.

14. breeder reactors- produce fuel rather then consume it.

15. oil shale- fine grained sedimentary rock rich in soil orginc material kerogen.

16. secondary recovery techniques- methods of squeezing more oil from a reservoir

17. black lung disease- inflammation and fibrosis caused by acculumation of coal dust in the lungs or air ways.